我有一个数据库表，其中一个字段（不是主键）上有一个唯一索引。现在我想将此列下的值交换为两行。这怎么可能呢？我知道的两个技巧是： 删除这两行并重新插入它们。 用其他值更新行并交换，然后更新为实际值。 但我不想选择这些，因为它们似乎不是解决问题的合适方法。谁能帮帮我？
这里的魔法词是DEFERRABLE： DROP TABLE ztable CASCADE; CREATE TABLE ztable ( id integer NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY , payload varchar ); INSERT INTO ztable(id,payload) VALUES (1,'one' ), (2,'two' ), (3,'three' ); SELECT * FROM ztable; -- This works, because there is no constraint UPDATE ztable t1 SET payload=t2.payload FROM ztable t2 WHERE t1.id IN (2,3) AND t2.id IN (2,3) AND t1.id <> t2.id ; SELECT * FROM ztable; ALTER TABLE ztable ADD CONSTRAINT OMG_WTF UNIQUE (payload) DEFERRABLE INITIALLY DEFERRED ; -- This should also work, because the constraint -- is deferred until "commit time" UPDATE ztable t1 SET payload=t2.payload FROM ztable t2 WHERE t1.id IN (2,3) AND t2.id IN (2,3) AND t1.id <> t2.id ; SELECT * FROM ztable; 结果： DROP TABLE NOTICE: CREATE TABLE / PRIMARY KEY will create implicit index "ztable_pkey" for table "ztable" CREATE TABLE INSERT 0 3 id | payload ----+--------- 1 | one 2 | two 3 | three (3 rows) UPDATE 2 id | payload ----+--------- 1 | one 2 | three 3 | two (3 rows) NOTICE: ALTER TABLE / ADD UNIQUE will create implicit index "omg_wtf" for table "ztable" ALTER TABLE UPDATE 2 id | payload ----+--------- 1 | one 2 | two 3 | three (3 rows)
I think you should go for solution 2. There is no 'swap' function in any SQL variant I know of. If you need to do this regularly, I suggest solution 1, depending on how other parts of the software are using this data. You can have locking issues if you're not careful. But in short: there is no other solution than the ones you provided.
Further to Andy Irving's answer this worked for me (on SQL Server 2005) in a similar situation where I have a composite key and I need to swap a field which is part of the unique constraint. key: pID, LNUM rec1: 10, 0 rec2: 10, 1 rec3: 10, 2 and I need to swap LNUM so that the result is key: pID, LNUM rec1: 10, 1 rec2: 10, 2 rec3: 10, 0 the SQL needed: UPDATE DOCDATA SET LNUM = CASE LNUM WHEN 0 THEN 1 WHEN 1 THEN 2 WHEN 2 THEN 0 END WHERE (pID = 10) AND (LNUM IN (0, 1, 2))
There is another approach that works with SQL Server: use a temp table join to it in your UPDATE statement. The problem is caused by having two rows with the same value at the same time, but if you update both rows at once (to their new, unique values), there is no constraint violation. Pseudo-code: -- setup initial data values: insert into data_table(id, name) values(1, 'A') insert into data_table(id, name) values(2, 'B') -- create temp table that matches live table select top 0 * into #tmp_data_table from data_table -- insert records to be swapped insert into #tmp_data_table(id, name) values(1, 'B') insert into #tmp_data_table(id, name) values(2, 'A') -- update both rows at once! No index violations! update data_table set name = #tmp_data_table.name from data_table join #tmp_data_table on (data_table.id = #tmp_data_table.id) Thanks to Rich H for this technique. - Mark
Assuming you know the PK of the two rows you want to update... This works in SQL Server, can't speak for other products. SQL is (supposed to be) atomic at the statement level: CREATE TABLE testing ( cola int NOT NULL, colb CHAR(1) NOT NULL ); CREATE UNIQUE INDEX UIX_testing_a ON testing(colb); INSERT INTO testing VALUES (1, 'b'); INSERT INTO testing VALUES (2, 'a'); SELECT * FROM testing; UPDATE testing SET colb = CASE cola WHEN 1 THEN 'a' WHEN 2 THEN 'b' END WHERE cola IN (1,2); SELECT * FROM testing; so you will go from: cola colb ------------ 1 b 2 a to: cola colb ------------ 1 a 2 b
I also think that #2 is the best bet, though I would be sure to wrap it in a transaction in case something goes wrong mid-update. An alternative (since you asked) to updating the Unique Index values with different values would be to update all of the other values in the rows to that of the other row. Doing this means that you could leave the Unique Index values alone, and in the end, you end up with the data that you want. Be careful though, in case some other table references this table in a Foreign Key relationship, that all of the relationships in the DB remain intact.
I have the same problem. Here's my proposed approach in PostgreSQL. In my case, my unique index is a sequence value, defining an explicit user-order on my rows. The user will shuffle rows around in a web-app, then submit the changes. I'm planning to add a "before" trigger. In that trigger, whenever my unique index value is updated, I will look to see if any other row already holds my new value. If so, I will give them my old value, and effectively steal the value off them. I'm hoping that PostgreSQL will allow me to do this shuffle in the before trigger. I'll post back and let you know my mileage.
In SQL Server, the MERGE statement can update rows that would normally break a UNIQUE KEY/INDEX. (Just tested this because I was curious.) However, you'd have to use a temp table/variable to supply MERGE w/ the necessary rows.
For Oracle there is an option, DEFERRED, but you have to add it to your constraint. SET CONSTRAINT emp_no_fk_par DEFERRED; To defer ALL constraints that are deferrable during the entire session, you can use the ALTER SESSION SET constraints=DEFERRED statement. Source
I usually think of a value that absolutely no index in my table could have. Usually - for unique column values - it's really easy. For example, for values of column 'position' (information about the order of several elements) it's 0. Then you can copy value A to a variable, update it with value B and then set value B from your variable. Two queries, I know no better solution though.
Oracle has deferred integrity checking which solves exactly this, but it is not available in either SQL Server or MySQL.
1) switch the ids for name id student 1 Abbot 2 Doris 3 Emerson 4 Green 5 Jeames For the sample input, the output is: id student 1 Doris 2 Abbot 3 Green 4 Emerson 5 Jeames "in case n number of rows how will manage......"
I think you should go for solution 2. There is no 'swap' function in any SQL variant I know of. If you need to do this regularly, I suggest solution 1, depending on how other parts of the software are using this data. You can have locking issues if you're not careful. But in short: there is no other solution than the ones you provided.
Further to Andy Irving's answer this worked for me (on SQL Server 2005) in a similar situation where I have a composite key and I need to swap a field which is part of the unique constraint. key: pID, LNUM rec1: 10, 0 rec2: 10, 1 rec3: 10, 2 and I need to swap LNUM so that the result is key: pID, LNUM rec1: 10, 1 rec2: 10, 2 rec3: 10, 0 the SQL needed: UPDATE DOCDATA SET LNUM = CASE LNUM WHEN 0 THEN 1 WHEN 1 THEN 2 WHEN 2 THEN 0 END WHERE (pID = 10) AND (LNUM IN (0, 1, 2))
There is another approach that works with SQL Server: use a temp table join to it in your UPDATE statement. The problem is caused by having two rows with the same value at the same time, but if you update both rows at once (to their new, unique values), there is no constraint violation. Pseudo-code: -- setup initial data values: insert into data_table(id, name) values(1, 'A') insert into data_table(id, name) values(2, 'B') -- create temp table that matches live table select top 0 * into #tmp_data_table from data_table -- insert records to be swapped insert into #tmp_data_table(id, name) values(1, 'B') insert into #tmp_data_table(id, name) values(2, 'A') -- update both rows at once! No index violations! update data_table set name = #tmp_data_table.name from data_table join #tmp_data_table on (data_table.id = #tmp_data_table.id) Thanks to Rich H for this technique. - Mark
Assuming you know the PK of the two rows you want to update... This works in SQL Server, can't speak for other products. SQL is (supposed to be) atomic at the statement level: CREATE TABLE testing ( cola int NOT NULL, colb CHAR(1) NOT NULL ); CREATE UNIQUE INDEX UIX_testing_a ON testing(colb); INSERT INTO testing VALUES (1, 'b'); INSERT INTO testing VALUES (2, 'a'); SELECT * FROM testing; UPDATE testing SET colb = CASE cola WHEN 1 THEN 'a' WHEN 2 THEN 'b' END WHERE cola IN (1,2); SELECT * FROM testing; so you will go from: cola colb ------------ 1 b 2 a to: cola colb ------------ 1 a 2 b
I also think that #2 is the best bet, though I would be sure to wrap it in a transaction in case something goes wrong mid-update. An alternative (since you asked) to updating the Unique Index values with different values would be to update all of the other values in the rows to that of the other row. Doing this means that you could leave the Unique Index values alone, and in the end, you end up with the data that you want. Be careful though, in case some other table references this table in a Foreign Key relationship, that all of the relationships in the DB remain intact.
I have the same problem. Here's my proposed approach in PostgreSQL. In my case, my unique index is a sequence value, defining an explicit user-order on my rows. The user will shuffle rows around in a web-app, then submit the changes. I'm planning to add a "before" trigger. In that trigger, whenever my unique index value is updated, I will look to see if any other row already holds my new value. If so, I will give them my old value, and effectively steal the value off them. I'm hoping that PostgreSQL will allow me to do this shuffle in the before trigger. I'll post back and let you know my mileage.
In SQL Server, the MERGE statement can update rows that would normally break a UNIQUE KEY/INDEX. (Just tested this because I was curious.) However, you'd have to use a temp table/variable to supply MERGE w/ the necessary rows.
For Oracle there is an option, DEFERRED, but you have to add it to your constraint. SET CONSTRAINT emp_no_fk_par DEFERRED; To defer ALL constraints that are deferrable during the entire session, you can use the ALTER SESSION SET constraints=DEFERRED statement. Source
I usually think of a value that absolutely no index in my table could have. Usually - for unique column values - it's really easy. For example, for values of column 'position' (information about the order of several elements) it's 0. Then you can copy value A to a variable, update it with value B and then set value B from your variable. Two queries, I know no better solution though.
Oracle has deferred integrity checking which solves exactly this, but it is not available in either SQL Server or MySQL.
1) switch the ids for name id student 1 Abbot 2 Doris 3 Emerson 4 Green 5 Jeames For the sample input, the output is: id student 1 Doris 2 Abbot 3 Green 4 Emerson 5 Jeames "in case n number of rows how will manage......"